The Concept Of Sexual Orientation - 1293 Words

Abstract The purpose of the study was to synthesize and critically evaluate the concept of sexual orientation, especially as it is studied and presented in large, population-based and school-based adolescent survey literature. Specifically, the study examined methodology and instrumentation used for the assessment and measurement of youth sexual orientation present in refereed literature. Of the forty-eight empirical studies, five included items that assessed all three dimensions of sexual orientation. The majority of studies used surveys that exclusively assessed sexual orientation identity (n = 30; 63%). The majority of those surveys provided between four and six identity response options with parenthetical descriptions, including the†¦show more content†¦(World Health Organization, 2006) Sexual orientation involves an individual’s sexual attraction, identity, arousals, fantasies, and behaviors towards persons of the same sex, other sex, or both sexes (Bell, Weinberg, Hammersmith, 1981; LeVay Valente, 2006; LeVay Baldwin, 2012), and is dynamic (not static) in nature (Klein, Sepekoff, Wolf, 1985; Berkey, Perelman-Hall, Kurdek, 1990). Health researchers have proposed that sexual orientation is a multi-dimensional aspect of a person’s identity that consists of at least three dimensions existing on a continuum (Sell, 1997): sexual orientation identity, sexual attraction, and sexual behavior (Sell Petrulio, 1996; Laumann et al., 1994; Hughes Eliason, 2002; Solarz, 1999; Savin-Williams, 2006). Sexual Orientation Identity. One of the earliest sexual orientation identity classification schemes proposed in the 1860s (Sell, 2007) consisted of three categories: Dionings (heterosexual), Urnings (homosexual), and Uranodionings (bisexual). Homosexual women (Urningins) and heterosexual women (Dioningins) maintained separate categories from men (Sell, 2007). Sexual orientation identity can be described as an individual’s conception of his or her own sexuality (Cass, 1984; Coker, Austin, Schuster, 2010). Heterosexual (straight), homosexual (gay and lesbian), andShow MoreRelatedOperational Definitions Of Construct Validity1011 Words   |  5 Pagesto the validity of the instrumentation used to capture the constructs/concepts a researcher is interested in measuring (Shadish, Cook, Campbell, 2002). In research, the concepts explored must be defined explicitly to communicate with others how the research was conducted. For this end, conceptual definitions are needed to explain t he meaning of a concept. However, operational definitions provide specificity on how the concept will be captured and measured. Operational definitions contribute to:Read MoreThe Issue Of Sexual Orientation1090 Words   |  5 Pagesregarding sexual orientation is vast, and a lot of different definitions of the concept have been introduced throughout time. Nevertheless, although homosexuality is fairly common in the United States, many people still misunderstand it. The different types of sexual orientations and their difference from other sexual-related terms, such as gender role and gender identity, are all confused by the general population. Sadly, even today, there are people that believe in a right or wrong sexual orientationRead MoreMen Who Have Sex With Men Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pages MSM Men Who Have Sex With Men A Critical Concept Essay Tara L. Gill CIIS Sexuality is historically rooted vacillating through out time, adjusting to the individuals personal experience and is influenced by cultural norms. In the United States, sexual behavior and attitudes are driven by variations in gender, social class, ethnicity, and religion. In fact, sexuality is fluid and is different for everyone. It is a unique, diverse, complicated, secretive, and puzzling experienceRead MoreErving Goffmans Work Stigma1441 Words   |  6 PagesSocial psychology and the concept of stigma were greatly influenced by Erving Goffman’s (1963) work Stigma. This pivotal project delineates the varying types of stigmatizing characteristics that arise in various social settings, and the sanctions those individuals receive as a result from deviating from what is considered â€Å"normal.† Through analyzation of the narratives and experiences of â€Å"blemished† individuals, Goffman builds theory on stigmatized identities. He also maps the construction of theRead MoreAfter Careful Examination Of Biblical Texts The Catholic1425 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals with same sex attractions to seek opportunities to change their sexual orientation, in order to have a sexual orientation that better matches their religious identity and beliefs. The most popular way to alter sexual orientation is through conversion therapy, a complex process that helps willing homosexuals change their sexual orientation and to find a sense of peace. Some homosexuals seek help to change their sexual orientation through conversion therapy. Conversion therapy originated in theRead MoreThe Workplace Of The Lgbt Community1494 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscrimination in employment based on sexual orientation (Badgett, Lau, Sears, Ho, 2007). In 1994 the Don t ask, don t tell (DADT) was the official United States policy on service by gays, bisexuals, and lesbians in the military (Badgett, Lau, Sears, Ho, 2007). Eighteen states and the District of Columbia prohibit employers from discriminating based on sexual orientation and gender identity, with three additional states banning discrimination based on sexual orientation only (Badgett, Lau, SearsRead MoreUgandan Laws on Homosexuality744 Words   |  3 Pagesstrongly against homosexuality and 33% ignored the concept, thus, making the idea of rejecting the phenomenon more dominant than living with it and its a well-known fact that homosexuality faces the lowest acceptance rates in Asian and African countries and the highest in Australia, Europe and the Americas. In the philosophical social science, there have been two views of homosexuality. The first view of the essentialists stated that sexual orientation of a person is determined by natural genes andRead MoreSexual Identity And Adolescent Development Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesAcquiring a sexual identity is very important and critical to the development of adolescents. While neither sexual or gender identity has anything to do with an individuals’ physical anatomy itself, both have separate, individual meanings. According to genderspectrum.org, gender identity is a reflection and realization of â€Å"one’s internal sense of self as male, female, both or neither†. On the other hand, in regards to sexual identity and adolescents, this involves figuring out whom they find themselvesRead MoreSexual Orientation Is A Choice1603 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society, there is an ongoing argument as to whether sexual orientation is a choice or if it is a preference that one is born with. Due to these conflicting perspectives, many philosophers have written books and conducted experiments in order to determine and justify which viewpoint is accurate. In Simone de Beauvoir’s book, The Second Sex, particularly the chapter entitled â€Å"The Lesbian†, she illustrated her assumption that homosexuality is a choice through the anal ysis of their benefitsRead MoreThe Biological Basis Toward Sexual Orientation1406 Words   |  6 Pagesstill numerous social problems that still exist in society today. Amongst those numerous social problems, sexual orientation and inequality stand out to me. Research from biology, psychology, and sociology is where our understanding of sexual orientation comes from. There are two hypothetical theories researchers have discovered examining the biological basis toward sexual orientation. One concept is the neurohormonal theory, biologist contend that homosexuality is caused by abnormal sex hormone levels

Piaget and Vygotsky - 1272 Words

Introduction Cognitive development is interpreted as the gradual orderly development of thinking, understanding and reasoning processes from birth to maturity. The aim of primary school is to build the knowledge and the skills children need to have for further cognitive development. Therefore, the constant development of coginition is very important to young children, because it gives them the basic understanding towards themselves and the world. As a result, in order to assist and support children’s early cognitive development, teachers apply the ideas of educational theorists such as Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky in teaching. Review of Literature Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two of the most influential†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, in mathematical center, it involved large numbers, it equipped children with numeracy, logical thinking and problem solving skills. In learning center, all children’s motor skills have developed, especially for Down’s syndrome child Hilly, her fine motor skills has developed through finger painting. For children who are into game making by using blocks, their thinking process become more organized and strategic. In conclusion, most of children are in preoperational stage, but heading to concrete operational stage, they gradual gain more logical thinking skills and reversibility through game making, discovering and problem solving. Nevertheless, Troy and Tim are likely functioning in concrete operational stage. Troy and Tim both have more logical and organized thinking process than others, since Troy can solve math problems and Tim made a skateboard from the heater. A singing center would be more helpful towards children’s literacy and pragmatics skills through sing nursery rhymes. Discussion In order to help children’s cognitive development, the application of Piaget and Vygotsky theories are highly positive and critical. As Woolfolk and Margetts (2010) mentioned, teachers can extend children’s knowlegde by using children’s disequilibration as the motivation. The use of cultural tools in classroom can also benefit children, because theyShow MoreRelatedPiaget Vs Vygotsky : Piaget And Vygotsky1314 Words   |  6 PagesCompare Two Famous Educators: Piaget vs. Vygotsky Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are often considered the most influential cognitive development and learning psychologists of the 20th century. Their research efforts have inspired numerous interpretations and spawned new outlets of approaching developmental psychology. The following paragraphs will analyze the theories of Piaget of Vygotsky and discuss how their research can be used to advance the use of cognitive development in learning, both traditionalRead MoreThe Theories Of Piaget And Vygotsky933 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Using APA Style Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two renowned psychologists in the field of developmental psychology. The purpose of this paper is to summarize, to discuss the similarities, to discuss the differences, and to discuss what can be gained from a better understanding of the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. A Brief Summary of the Theories of Piaget and Vygotsky The following sections explain the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s theory statesRead MorePiaget vs. Vygotsky1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of cognitive development is defined as the development of the ability to think and reason. There are many theorists who have studied cognitive theories and the most famous is Jean Piaget. Cognitive development covers the physical and emotional stages of a child. The basic premise for cognitive development is to show the different stages of the development of a child so you can understand where the child might be in their development. Understanding cognitive development will betterRead MorePyschology- Piaget and Vygotsky1964 Words   |  8 PagesPiaget was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Piaget was interested in how intelligence itself changes as children grow which he called genetic epistemology. Genetic epistemology was based on the 19th century biological concept of recapitulation (Piaget was a biologist first whom later trained as a psychologist). It was thought before piaget’s studies that children were merely less competent thinkers than adults. However, through his findings, Piaget showedRead MoreThe Theories Of Piaget And Vygotsky2305 Words   |  10 Pagesthe theories of Piaget and Vygotsky in explaining children’s learning and development Learning and development is a major aspect of everyone and their day to day lives. Some people consider the term learning to have two definitions, these are informative learning which allows people to learn what fits their mental models and transformative learning which is the process of changing these mental models (Heorhiadi et al, 2014). There are two main theorists Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, whose theoriesRead MorePiaget v. Vygotsky838 Words   |  4 Pages Piaget vs. Vygotsky Both Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky have had a huge impact on learning and teaching methods. Although they have different views on how children learn, they both suggest helpful methods of teaching. Piaget and Vygotsky both focus on the idea of constructivism. Constructivist theories believe learning includes real-world situations, language, interaction, and collaboration with others. Piaget believed in cognitive constructivism and Vygotsky believed in social constructivismRead MoreThe Theories Of Piaget And Vygotsky2389 Words   |  10 PagesIn this paper I will be comparing the theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, who were both very significant in the study of the cognitive development process of a child’s active construction of knowledge within an educational context. Piaget and Vygotsky were split by their differing styles of thinking as to how and why children learnt in different stages. Piaget was first to discover that children think in separate ways through the different periods of time in their childhood and he thoughtRead MorePiaget And Vygotsky Cognitive Development1040 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience? Dr. Jean Piaget and Dr. Lev Vygotsky were both contributors to the theory of cognitive development. They both believe children are influenced by their environment, however both have different views of how a cognitive development occurs. Understanding the way children learn and take in information is essential to their development. With assistance for the text Development Through the Lifespan by Laura E. Berk (2014), this paper will examine the theories of both Piaget and Vygotsky in regard toRead MorePiaget And Vygotsky s Theories Essay890 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper explores scholarly empirical articles that have been written about tw o distinct yet, unique theories developed by Piaget and Vygotsky. These two theories are similar in various ways but also have unlike qualities, as well. Loudin (2012) suggests that even though Piaget and Vygotsky’s understanding and teaching of their theories are similar but stresses to point out that there is a distinct quality that one cannot see and wishes to share with readers. Other articles will discuss theirRead MoreThe Development Theories Of Piaget And Vygotsky941 Words   |  4 PagesMany psychological researchers such as Lourenco (2012) argue that the development theories of Piaget and Vygotsky are too fundamentally different to be amalgamated. Others, such as Bruner (1966) and Glassman (1994), support the similarities (Butterworth Harris, 2002), and state that together, they could give a more substantial understanding of development. This essay will focus on some of these similarities and differences. Consideration will be given to each of these approaches in regards to

Sportsmanship Case Essay Sample free essay sample

1. The actions of the US Golf squad at the 1999 Ryder Cup. received a batch of media attending. The consequence of the Cup came down to the seventeenth hole. which was a play-off between the US participant Justin Leonard. and the European participant Jose Maria Olazabal. Both participants found themselves with hard birdie shootings. Leonard made an astonishing 45-foot putt to claim a birdie. The American squad started dancing and heartening on the viridity. However Olazabal hadn’t shooting yet. If Olazabal made his 22-foot putt for birdie. the lucifer would be tied. and travel on to another hole. Olazabal couldn’t take his shooting until all of the participants. married womans and fans had been cleared from the green. With his focal point wholly destroyed. Olazabal missed the putt. 2. The actions of the Australian cricket squad in 1981. when playing New Zealand. were condemned both in Australia and by the Cricket community internationally. We will write a custom essay sample on Sportsmanship Case Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Australia was bowling and there was merely one ball left to be bowled in the lucifer. New Zealand needed 6 tallies to bind the lucifer. The Australian Captain ordered the bowler. Trevor Chappell. to turn over the ball down the wicket. guaranting that the New Zealand batter could non perchance hit a 6. The batter swatted off the ball and threw down his chiropteran and walked away. The bowl was widely criticized as being against the spirit of the game. 3. One of the more celebrated bad athleticss in tennis. Lleyton Hewitt. was the victim of bad sportsmanship in a lucifer at the 2005 Australian Open. The bad sportsmanship occurred in a lucifer against Juan Ignacio Chela. Hewitt won a critical game in the lucifer. and yelled his hallmark â€Å"C†mon! ’ . This seemed to upset Chela. and as the two walked to their chairs after the game. Chela bicker in Hewitt’s way. Chela was fined $ 2000 US Dollars for the incident. 4. The universe of snooker is non one that is by and large associated with bad sportsmanship ; nevertheless a celebrated incident did happen at the 1996 Snooker World Championship. Ronnie O’Sullivan. frequently described as the bad male child of universe snooker. was scheduled to play a lucifer against Alain Robidoux. O’Sullivan was a right-handed snooker participant. but decided to play his lucifer Robidoux with his left manus. O’Sullivan finally won the lucifer 10-3. Robidoux did non agitate custodies at the terminal of the lucifer. and subsequently called O’Sullivan’s actions disrespectful. O’Sullivan replied that he could play better with his non-favored manus. than Robidoux could with his favorite manus. 5. Soccer has one of the worst reputes for bad sportsmanship out of all the different athleticss. Events like the 1s that transpired in the 2002 FIFA World Cup. are no uncertainty portion of the ground for the sport’s opprobrium. In a group lucifer between Turkey and Brazil. Rivaldo ( a Brazilian ) had been awarded a free boot. Rivaldo was traveling about taking the kick really easy. in order to blow clip. Hakan Unsal. a Turkish participant. became defeated. and kicked the ball towards Rivaldo. to rush things up. The ball hit Rivaldo in the shins. at which point Rivaldo clutched his face. and collapsed to the land. The referee. who had non seen the event. believed that Rivaldo had been hit in the face. and sent Unsal off. intending Turkey played a adult male down for the remainder of the lucifer. Turkey later lost the game. 6. Bad sportsmanship goes against everything the Olympics bases for. nevertheless even the Olympics are non free of unsporting behaviour. At the 1972 Olympics. in the hoops Grand Final. the US hoops squad lost their first game at the Olympics. The US squad claimed they had been cheated. and made an official protest. When the protest was turned down. the US hoops squad refused to accept their Ag decorations. As of April 2007. the decorations remain unclaimed in a vault in Switzerland. 7. Michael Schumacher has long dominated the universe of Formula One racing ; nevertheless his calling has ever been clouded by accusals of bad sportsmanship. One incident in peculiar is remembered from the 1994 Season. In the last race of the season. Schumacher was taking the points table by 1 point from Damon Hill. This meant that Hill would win the World Championship if he finished anyplace in forepart of Schumacher in this last race. Toward the terminal of the race. Schumacher was in the lead. being closely followed by Hill. Schumacher made a error in one of his bends. go forthing room for Hill to go through him on the interior. Hill went to go through Schumacher. and got about halfway yesteryear. when Schumacher slammed his auto into Hill’s. numbering both autos. significance that neither could finish the race. Since neither finished. Schumacher finished the season 1 point in front of Hill. and hence won the World Championship. 8. The Solheim Cup is a golfing tourney that is played between an American squad and a European squad. The 2000 Solheim Cup was marred by the behavior of the US squad. Annika Sorenstam. playing for the European squad. had a really hard shooting for birdie. both the US squad and the Eurpoean squad. watched as Sorenstam prepared herself for the shooting. Finally she took the shooting. and sunk the birdie. Once they had seen that Sorenstam had really made the shooting. the US squad complained to the referee that it had been the Americans turn to hit. and that Sorenstam’s birdie should non number. The referee agreed. and Sorenstam was forced to recapture the shooting. Visibly disquieted. she missed the shooting. and the Europeans went on to lose the Solheim Cup by one shooting. 9. The 1986 FIFA World Cup was home to one of the most celebrated Acts of the Apostless of bad sportsmanship to of all time take topographic point in association football. It has been named â€Å"the Hand of God† incident. This incident occurred in a lucifer between England and Argentina. Diego Maradona. an Argentine participant. received a miscued clearance boot from one of the English participants. Maradona knocked the ball into end with his manus. The referee did non see this. and awarded the end. Argentina went on to win the lucifer 2-1. with both their ends holding been scored by Maradona. After the lucifer. when questioned about the end. Maradona said â€Å"it was partially the caput of Maradona. and partially the Hand of God† . Maradona subsequently admitted to the handball. 10. Muhammad Ali is possibly the most celebrated pugilist of all clip. He is renowned for his accomplishment in the ring. and his oral cavity outside the ring. What is less known is the act of bad sportsmanship he took portion in. Ali was contending Henry Cooper. in a lucifer he was expected to win easy. In the 4th unit of ammunition. Henry Cooper knocked Ali to the floor with an impressive left. The bell rang before Cooper could seek for the smasher. Ali looked dazed from the shooting. so his trainer ripped his baseball mitt in order to derive Ali more clip to retrieve. Ali went on to win the lucifer. .

Volcano Types Essays - Volcanology, Igneous Rocks, Plate Tectonics

Volcano Types The distructive power of a valcano is one of the most violent and deadly of all natural forces. In a short period of time, these massive explosions of the earth's crust can shatter whole communities. Valcanoes are very distructive no matter how big or how small they erupt at. They cause the highest amount of deaths and the greatest amount of damage. Of the two major types of Volcanoes, andestic and basaltic, the two typical volcanoes begin life when a mass of low-density magma forces its way to the surface. When the density of the rising magma is the same as that of the surrounding rock, it gathers in a magma chamber. Any rise in pressure in the chamber may now push the magma upwards through cracks in the overlying rock. As the magma traveling up a crack approaches the surface, the pressure from the overlying rocks reduces; gases are released from the magma and expand so suddenly that an explosion rips open a funnel shaped vent (called a diatreme) to the surface. The lava that blasts out of the vent then cools, to form cinders, ash and dust - all referred to as "Tephra". A ring of tephra collects around the vent and, as the eruption subsides, this blocks up the diatreme. Volcanoes have erupted in many different places. Volcanoes have erupted in The Philippines, Java, Papua New Guinea & Hawaii and many other places. "The Ring of Fire", located around the Pacific Ocean, is 20 or so places with active volcanoes in them joined by one big imaginary line that forms a circle (or "Ring") when scaled down to the size on a map. Somewhere in the world an eruption occurs at least once a month. Whether it be big or small it doesn't really matter at all. If it kills 1 person or 1 000 people it is still counted as an eruption. In some countries volcanoes are common and erupt frequently as in Hawaii. But in other countries like Australia there are no eruptions at all. That could be because all the volcanoes are dormant or there are simply no volcanoes at all. In 1815, the most devastating eruption ever recorded, killed approximately 92 000 people. 10 000 people died directly from the volcano and a further 82 000 died from famine. The volcano is located at Tambora, Sumbawa in Indonesia. Recently a volcano erupted in Monserrat, West Indies. It devastated farms, houses and streets became rivers of lava.